• The mitochondrial protein AIF was the first caspase independ

  2024-07-16

  

  The mitochondrial protein AIF was the first caspase-independent death effector. AIF can induce caspase-independent chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA fragmentation to approximately 50 KB. AIF that is released to cytoplasm can mediate apoptosis when special extracellular signals trigger the o

• Autocrine regulations of several adipokines e g

  2024-07-16

  

  Autocrine regulations of several adipokines (e.g., leptin and resistin) on adipocytes have been reported (Karastergiou and Mohamed-Ali, 2010, Ye et al., 2010). Several lines of evidence have shown that apelin influences adipocyte functions, such as, lipolysis and glucose uptake (Dray et al., 2008, Y

• br Materials and methods br Results br

  2024-07-16

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion In this study, the orphan receptor GPR25 was cloned from several representative vertebrate species including zebrafish. Although the overall amino gamma-Glu-Cys sequence identity among these species is not high (38–52%), our synteny analysis clearly

• Previous studies have thus demonstrated that AR activation g

  2024-07-15

  

  Previous studies have thus demonstrated that AR activation generally correlates with the promotion of urothelial carcinogenesis and cancer growth. In this article, we review available data suggesting their modulation through the AR pathway as well as correlations of AR signals with sensitivity to co

• To date defining the prognostic impact of

  2024-07-15

  

  To date, defining the prognostic impact of molecular drivers of early-stage NSCLC has been challenging due to the relative rarity of these subsets and the redefinition of comparator arms over time as understanding of the molecular drivers of NSCLC evolved. Indeed, use of molecularly heterogeneous co

• br Materials and methods br Results The

  2024-07-15

  

  Materials and methods Results The average body weights for each group of mice over the course of the study are shown in Fig. 2A. The average body weights of the mice in the saline control group and PACAP group increased slightly during the study. In contrast, starting at day 17, the body weigh

• Patients with ADA SCID may experience autoimmune AEs after

  2024-07-15

  

  Patients with ADA-SCID may experience autoimmune AEs after SCT (and/or during ERT) that are thought to be related to immune dysregulation prior to achieving complete immune reconstitution. The more common autoimmune manifestations include hemolytic anemia, hypothyroidism, and immune thrombocytopenia

• Based on currently available knowledge autophagy supports

  2024-07-15

  

  Based on currently available knowledge, autophagy supports adipocytes development and differentiation. In animals with specific skeletal muscle TCEP of Atg7, reduced adipogenesis was shown. In rodents, autophagy was decreased in adipose tissue of animals fed with high-fat diet (HFD). In contrast, ob

• br Conflicts of interest br Introduction

  2024-07-15

  

  Conflicts of interest Introduction Phosphatidic Folinic acid synthesis phosphatase (PAP) enzymes are responsible for catalyzing the reaction that dephosphorylates phosphatidic acid (PA), which in turn produces diacylglycerol (DAG) and a phosphate group during phospholipid regulation (Fig. 1A)

• br Apelin The APJ receptor

  2024-07-12

  

  Apelin The APJ receptor ligand apelin firstly in 1998 was segregated from bovine stomach tissue. Human preproapelin gene located on chromosome Xq25–26.1. The apelin preproproteins consist of 77 amino rgs protein residues that are cleaved into biologically active C-terminal fragments of various si

• br Introduction The apelin receptor angiotensin receptor

  2024-07-12

  

  Introduction The apelin receptor (angiotensin receptor-like 1, APJ) is a seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR) that belongs to the class A peptidergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) superfamily [1]. The endogenous ligands of APJ are the different isoforms of apelin (namely apelin-13, −17, and −

• In an effort to increase

  2024-07-12

  

  In an effort to increase antioxidant properties of peptides from WP, Le Maux et al. (2016) altered the hydrolysis conditions (pH, enzyme type, reaction time, and temperature). Hydrolysis of WP (81% protein) test samples with papain (EC 3.4.22.2) at a constant pH of 7.0 gave significantly higher ORAC

• AMP activated protein kinase AMPK is composed

  2024-07-12

  

  AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is composed of α-, β-, and γ-subunits [17,18]. Phosphorylation of α-subunit at Thr-172 residue is essential for AMPK activation [17,18]. The serine/threonine kinase coordinates metabolic pathways in response to energy supply and demand [17,18]. Studies have shown

• Sixth significant progress has been made during

  2024-07-12

  

  Sixth, significant progress has been made during the last few years regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of AMPK and this should aid to develop more potent and specific compounds. Information from crystallographic structures combined with computer-based drug design hold promi

• br Functional repercussions of each trimming pathway A

  2024-07-12

  

  Functional repercussions of each trimming pathway A main difference between the two pathways presented in Fig. 1 lies in enzyme kinetics and selectivity. In pathway #1, the substrate for ERAP1 is free peptide, and so both kinetics and selectivity are determined by interactions between the peptide

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